Why are childless women childless? Findings from an exploratory study in Victoria, Australia

Childlessness in Australia is increasing yet there is limited research exploring women&rsquo;s reasons for childlessness. Previous research has typically examined&nbsp;childlessness within the context of fertility rather than childlessness itself. The limited&nbsp;research that has moved beyond looking at involuntary childlessness has labelled women with a type of childlessness during recruitment rather than exploring women&rsquo;s reasons for childlessness as a part of the research process.&nbsp;The aim of this&nbsp;mixed methods exploratory study (n = 50) was to describe women&rsquo;s reasons for childlessness. Findings indicate that almost half of the women did not wish to have children. Reasons for childlessness included: having never wanted to have children; having never been in the &lsquo;right&rsquo; relationship; and being in a relationship where the partner did not want to have children. The findings provide insight into women&rsquo;s&nbsp;reasons for childlessness, how they feel about their decision, circumstance and&nbsp;position as a woman in a pronatalist society.</div

Minding the Tragic Gap: Conversations of Invisibility in Early Childhood Music Education

During the last few decades, the music education profession has slowly begun to recognize the impact of music experiences in early childhood. Key publications in the 1970s drew attention to music education for young children (Greenberg 1976, Simons 1978, Zimmerman 1972). Articles focusing on young children\u27s musical development appeared in the 1980s (Hargreaves, 1986; Peery, Peery, & Draper, 1987; Sloboda, 1985; Swanick & Tillman, 1986). MENC (now the NationalAssociation for Music Education-NafME) began to address early childhood music education through focus days attached to biennial national conferences and through the establishment of the Early Childhood Special Research Interest Group. Yet in general, the music education profession lags behind other disciplines in recognizing the needs of young children. In this gap of recognition, young children remain an underrepresented population in the music. How do we change the perception of young children\u27s musical capabilities and abilities with parents, pre-service teachers, and colleagues

Predictors of drinking and functional outcomes for men and women following inpatient alcohol treatment

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/106952/1/ajad12098.pd

Kelas edukasi menyusui sebagai penunjang keberhasilan ASI eksklusif

INTISARI Latar Belakang: upaya yang dapat dilakukan agar ibu dapat berhasil menyusui secara eksklusif adalah dengan mengikuti kelas edukasi menyusui. Penelitian ini dilakukan Untuk mengkaji perbedaan keikutsertaan ibu dalam kelas edukasi menyusui AIMI dan keberhasilan memberikan ASI eksklusif. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Pendekatan kuantitatif bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan desain cross-sectional. Kualitatif berupa wawancara mendalam untuk mendukung data kuantitatif. Responden merupakan ibu-ibu yang sudah pernah mengikuti kelas edukasi menyusui AIMI Yogyakarta. Hasil: sebanyak 88,6% responden memberikan ASI eksklusif. pada yang mengikuti satu kelas saja, sebanyak 88,9% memberikan ASI eksklusif, sedangkan 88,6% pada kelompok yang mengikuti dua kelas edukasi memberikan ASI ekslusif. Tidak terdapat perbedaan antara ibu yang mengikuti satu kelas atau dua kelas edukasi terhadap keberhasilan ASI eksklusif.Kata Kunci: kelas edukasi, ASI eksklusif, AIMI ABSTRACT Background: Participated in breastfeeding education class can increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding. Objective of this study is to assess the different in maternal participation in breastfeeding education class and the success of exclusive breastfeeding. Method: The study use quantitative approach with cross-sectional design and qualitative in-depth  interviews to support quantitative data. Participants are mothers who have attended breastfeeding education class, which held by AIMI Yogyakarta.  Result: There are 88,6% mothers who exclusively breastfeed their infants. Mothers who attended only one session of breastfeeding education class and mahaged to give exclusive breastfeeding are 88,9%, while mothers who attended both session of breastfeeding education class and managed to give exclusive breastfeeding are 88,6%. There is no difference in the success of exclusive breastfeeding between those who attend only one class  and those who attend both.Keywords: educational class, exclusive breastfeeding, AIMIBreastfeeding education classes as a support for exclusive breastfeeding successPurposeThe purpose of this paper was to examine the difference of maternal participation in breastfeeding education class AIMI (Indonesian Breastfeeding Association) and the success of exclusive breastfeeding.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted involving 186 mothers. We used in-depth interviews of mothers who had attended AIMI Yogyakarta's breastfeeding education class.ResultsAs many as 88.6% of respondents gave exclusive breastfeeding. Of those who attended only one class, 88.9% gave exclusive breastfeeding, while 88.6% in the group who attended the two educational classes gave exclusive breastfeeding. There was no difference between mothers who attended one class or two classes of education on exclusive breastfeeding success.ConclusionThis study contributes to the knowledge that there is no difference between mothers attending one class or two classes of education on exclusive breastfeeding success

Development and validation of instruments measuring body image and body weight dissatisfaction in South African mothers and their daughters

Objective We sought to validate questionnaires concerning body image perception, body size dissatisfaction and weight-related beliefs in multi-ethnic South African mothers and their daughters. Settings and subjects: Girls attending primary school (ages 9-12 years, n = 333) and their mothers (n = 204) were interviewed regarding their demographics and body image. Weight, height and skinfold thicknesses were measured. Body image questions and body mass index (BMI) were compared with silhouettes adapted from the Pathways Study for girls and Stunkard\u27s body image figures for mothers. A Feel-Ideal Difference (FID) index score was created by subtracting the score of the silhouette selected by the participants as \u27Ideal\u27 from the one selected as most closely representing their current appearance or \u27Feel\u27. We hypothesised that a higher FID index score would be associated with greater body size dissatisfaction. Results BMI percentiles in girls (r = 0.46, P \u3c 0.05) and BMI in mothers (r = 0.68, P \u3c 0.05) were positively correlated with the selected silhouettes based on size. Participants who reported feelings of being \u27fat\u27 and those who perceived that their family and friends were more dissatisfied with their body size had significantly higher FID index scores. Scores were lower in black than white girls (all P \u3c 0.05). No differences were found in FID index scores between ethnic groups of mothers. Internal reliability of the \u27thin\u27 and \u27fat\u27 belief constructs for girls was demonstrated by standardised Cronbach\u27s α values ≥ 0.7. Conclusion Silhouettes, FID index, \u27fat\u27 and \u27thin\u27 belief constructs (in girls) are age-appropriate, culturally sensitive and can be used in further intervention studies to understand body image

NRG Oncology-Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 1014: 1-Year Toxicity Report From a Phase 2 Study of Repeat Breast-Preserving Surgery and 3-Dimensional Conformal Partial-Breast Reirradiation for In-Breast Recurrence.

PURPOSE: To determine the associated toxicity, tolerance, and safety of partial-breast reirradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eligibility criteria included in-breast recurrence occurring \u3e1 year after whole-breast irradiation, \u3c3 \u3ecm, unifocal, and resected with negative margins. Partial-breast reirradiation was targeted to the surgical cavity plus 1.5 cm; a prescription dose of 45 Gy in 1.5 Gy twice daily for 30 treatments was used. The primary objective was to evaluate the rate of grade ≥3 treatment-related skin, fibrosis, and/or breast pain adverse events (AEs), occurring ≤1 year from re-treatment completion. A rate of ≥13% for these AEs in a cohort of 55 patients was determined to be unacceptable (86% power, 1-sided α = 0.07). RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2013, 65 patients were accrued, and the first 55 eligible and with 1 year follow-up were analyzed. Median age was 68 years. Twenty-two patients had ductal carcinoma in situ, and 33 had invasive disease: 19 ≤1 cm, 13 \u3e1 to ≤2 cm, and 1 \u3e2 cm. All patients were clinically node negative. Systemic therapy was delivered in 51%. All treatment plans underwent quality review for contouring accuracy and dosimetric compliance. All treatment plans scored acceptable for tumor volume contouring and tumor volume dose-volume analysis. Only 4 (7%) scored unacceptable for organs at risk contouring and organs at risk dose-volume analysis. Treatment-related skin, fibrosis, and/or breast pain AEs were recorded as grade 1 in 64% and grade 2 in 7%, with only 1 ( CONCLUSION: Partial-breast reirradiation with 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy after second lumpectomy for patients experiencing in-breast failures after whole-breast irradiation is safe and feasible, with acceptable treatment quality achieved. Skin, fibrosis, and breast pain toxicity was acceptable, and grade 3 toxicity was rare

Conjugated linoleic acid versus high-oleic acid sunflower oil: effects on energy metabolism, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, appetite and body composition in regularly exercising individuals

The aim of this study was to measure the effects of 12 weeks of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on body composition, RER, RMR, blood lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity and appetite in exercising, normal-weight persons. In this double-blind, randomised, controlled trial, sixty-two non-obese subjects (twenty-five men, thirty-seven women) received either 3.9 g/d CLA or 3.9 g high-oleic acid sunflower oil for 12 weeks. Prior to and after 12 weeks of supplementation, oral glucose tolerance, blood lipid concentrations, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computerised tomography scans), RMR, resting and exercising RER and appetite were measured. There were no significant effects of CLA on body composition or distribution, RMR, RER or appetite. During the oral glucose tolerance tests, mean plasma insulin concentrations (0, 30, 120 min) were significantly lower (P= 0.04) in women who supplemented with CLA (24.3 (SD 9.7) to 20.4 (SD 8.5) microU/ml) compared to high-oleic acid sunflower oil control (23.7 (SD 9.8) to 26.0 (SD 8.8) microU/ml). Serum NEFA levels in response to oral glucose were attenuated in both men and women in the CLA (P=0.001) compared to control group. However, serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations decreased in both groups and HDL-cholesterol concentrations decreased in women over 12 weeks (P=0.001, P=0.02, P=0.02, respectively). In conclusion, mixed-isomer CLA supplementation had a favourable effect on serum insulin and NEFA response to oral glucose in non-obese, regularly exercising women, but there were no CLA-specific effects on body composition, energy expenditure or appetite